Concepts 3
Cognitive Apprenticeship
Learning that provides practice and mentoring regarding certain techniques
or methods of thinking and doing.
A student in Philosophy 101 is in a cognitve apprenticeship with his
professor.
Distributed Intelligence
The idea that knowledge exists across a system and that the whole is greater
than the sum of its parts.
Like the Internet in which information is gathered from various sites, a
student learns a little bit of everything from differnet sources/people
around them.
Media Attributes
Each method of delivery (e.g., print, overhead transparency, multimedia
computer) has particular characteristics that are advantageous to specific
learning situations. Teachers should select the medium that best
facilitates the task at hand.
A teacher uses an overhead transparency to show the students a graph.
Multiple Perspectives
Provides a fuller understanding of a subject by considering many different
sources and points of view. Encourages
students to consider and reconcile
many sources and positions.
A teacher show students that there is more than one way to look at Columbus
Day (i.e. the explorers' point of view, the Native Americans' point of view,
etc.)
Reciprocal Teaching
Often occurs in the form of a dialogue
between teachers and students. The
student assumes the role of teacher regarding the material being learned.
This involves summarizing, generating questions, clarifying, and predicting.
A student is given the task of presenting one chapter of a textbook to the
class.
Substantive Conversation
Involves sharing and exchanging ideas in which students and teacher develop
a shared understanding about a topic. Builds on and clarifies ideas
presented by others in the conversation, which results in significantly
improved understanding of the topic discussed.
A teacher has a round table discussion/debate on a particular topic (for
example, politics)
Expository Teaching
Ausubel's Method-teachers present material in complete, organized form,
moving from broadest to more specific concepts.
A teacher starts out by showing students a map of the world, then a map of
a
particular country, then a particular region of the country, then a
particular town, etc. This can occur over a long period of time (weeks) or
a
short period of time (days).