Value: Human Dignity 1. Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus, pg. 43, cc. 1994 "The characters, the models, and the symbols that represent blacks in advertising have always been important to blacks, because they are aware that they determine how they feel about themselves and their race and how others perceive them as well." --Marilyn Kern-Foxworth 2. Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus, pg. 144, cc. 1994 "Advertising plays an important role with black children who are trying to develop positive images of themselves as well as their race. There's been a drastic erosion of self-esteem with you African-Americans--and it's particularly because the images they see of themselves are either negative, offensive, or not there." --Marilyn Kern-Foxworth Criteria: Mill's Harm Principle 3. On Liberty , cc. 1978 "The only purpose for which power can be rightfully excercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others." --J.S. Mill Contention One: Culturally Insensitive Advertising Lowers Human Dignity 5. Free Speech in an Open Society, pg. 10, cc. 1992 "We are in constant danger of giving to a man's possessions the same dignity, the same status, as we give to man himself." --Meiklejohn 6. Selling Words:Free Speech in Commercial Culture, pg. 148, cc. 1997 "Commercial goods, after all, are generally produced by persons sympathetic to the idea of making a profit and are sold to persons sufficiently affluent to pay for them. Small, politically weak minorities may not have much relevant market punch. Perhaps, it can afford to alienate some groups precisely in order to attract a stable, enthusiastic, if narrow, following." --George R. Wright Contention Two: When they conflict, businesses are violating Mill's Harm Principle Example: You have political free speech but you can't yell FIRE in a crowded theatre because it causes harm to others. 7. Free Speech in an Open Society, pg. 48, cc. 1992 "Speech can cause reactive harms-injuries caused by emotional or intellectual responses to the content of the speech. These reactive harms may be felt by individuals, or they may be harms conceptulized in some collective sense, such as injuries to community values concerning morality or civility." --Rodney A. Smolla 8. Free Speech in an Open Society, pg. 48, cc. 1992 "Speech may interfere with relationships of various kinds including social relationships, commercial transactions, proprietary interests in information, and interests in the confidentiality of communications." --Rodney A. Smolla Contention Three: Culturally Insensitive advertising can lower respect for cultures in society. 9. Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus, pg. 44, cc. 1994 "Icons are powerful because they encapsulate ideas and actions of central importance in human life." --Herbert M. Cole, art historian at University of California - Santa Barbara 10. Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus, pg. 78, cc. 1994 "Researchers have also found that the mass media play a vital role in the perpetuation of stereotypes. Richard Carter, in his 1962 study on stereotyping, asserts that the mass media can produce structural change directly by increasing homogeneity of attributes." --Marilyn Kern-Foxworth 11. The Interplay of Influence, pg. 209, cc. 1997 "Stereotypes make it possible for us to form generalizations about a person or advertised character without requiring a great deal of information or evidence. The less time we have to process information, the more likely we are to rely on stereotypes in drawing conclusions. The less time television producers have to communicate a message, the more likely they are to rely on stereotypes." --Karlyn Campbell 12. Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus, pg. 78, cc. 1994 "Needless to say, the stereotyping of minority groups by the mass media may have negative results. The portrayal of minorities in negative roles provides negative role models fro both the minority and the majority and increases the distance between the two, making communication more difficult." --Marilyn Kern-Foxworth 13. Selling Words: Free Speech in Commercial Culture, pg. 154, cc. 1997 "The ad producer can try to rationalize the whole business by claiming that sexist ads do not validate or reinforce sexist behavior; they merely reflect the sexism as a whole. Few persons really believe , however, that the number and content of such ads will not, over time, have an effect on social attitudes." --George R. Wright